1. Introduction to Pender's Health Promotion Model

1. Introduction to Pender's Health Promotion Model

1. Introduction to Pender's Health Promotion Model

1. Introduction As illness-prevention programs are aimed at communities and seek to decrease risk factors in the environment, health promotion programs are aimed at communities and seek to help people change their behavior. The goal of health promotion programs is to change the behavioral or environmental characteristics that are part of the risk factor profile for a disease. As Christine Pender has moved health promotion higher on the priority scale, the application of her model in morbidity and mortality, and lifestyle behaviors is of utmost importance to nurses. Pender developed a nursing model, Pender's Health Promotion Model, to promote the health of individuals. The model seeks to explain how the factors affecting health behaviors and the interrelationships among those factors influence health behaviors such as smoking cessation, weight control, exercise, nutrition, and chronic disease management. The model has broad health and nursing applications and design with an explanatory focus and allows for individual apa-stylesuality in addition to considering the influence of the biological and physical environment in which health protective behaviors are enacted. It has been tested in various populations. Modeling research on perceived self-efficacy, prior behavior, duration of action, and physical environment and interpersonal or direct personal factors (related to a specific health behavior) would be desirable for designing more specific populations prevention programs as well as intervention studies. The theoretical underpinning provided by Pender's Health Promotion Model has increased the considerable potential that a model-based intervention program might have by acknowledging the multiple influences on health behaviors and the need to approach these behaviors on an individual basis. Any intervention studies that employed other social cognitive models were compared. These studies commonly prohibited a model's full theoretical test, were approached from a behavioral prescription perspective which included little or no processing of the intrapersonal and situational variables which influence performance of health-enhancing behaviors, and utilized cross-sectional research designs rather than interventional. The goal of Pender's Health Promotion Model is to assist individuals in preventing disease and promote health through various strategies and methods that are specific to each individual. Pender focuses on studying patterns of behavior that are the result of personal characteristics regarding a specific health risk. The program strategies and methods consist of offering help/suggestions while allowing the person the control and decision-making regarding the health risk factors. These help/suggestions are offered to the individual in such a way that they are specific and unique to what is causing the specific health risk. The ultimate goal is to get the individual to incorporate the health promotion activities into his or her daily lifestyle, which would then immediately decrease health problems and disease.

1.1. Background and Development

Continuous and permanent widening of the health field permeates the theorizing and practicing of the health care profession. Looking for a better understanding of the health concept, the aim of the present bibliographic study was to elaborate a research review on the Health Promotion Model, described by Pender in 1982. An analysis of the theoretical concepts and existing theories concerning health, as well as the identification of those referred to the following terms: model, nursing, and promotion of health, were carried out. Originally, the Health Promotion Model proceeds from an ecological perspective, the main goal of which is to learn ways to advance the quality and duration of human life through the operation of biomedical environmental constituency. The present bibliographic study reveals that, in spite of the model under analysis, only 8 references were found and none of the Portuguese databases gave any reference to this model. The search in databases was performed according to the terms model, nursing, and promotion of health. In order to infer the relevance of this review and the need for the model's application in our society, in light of the increasing concern of health promotion in terms of health maintenance and risk reduction to different diseases and health problems, the health care professionals, and in particular nurses, appear as a fundamental core in the elaboration and application of action.

1.2. Key Concepts and Components

The HPM, sometimes called the HPM/sexual advocacy model in recognition of nomenclature used in one of the model's main studies, is built on key concepts or components that are sequentially embedded in the model's content. The first component of the HPM paradigm is a mileage, an individual