Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonary Pathophysiologic Processes
Asthma is a respiratory illness involving the inflammation of the bronchioles lining with subsequent narrowing and hypersensitivity of the airways with reversible airway obstruction. Asthma can develop at any age. Currently, in the US, there are more than six million cases among children and 17 million cases among adults. It has a genetic tendency, significant morbidity, a lower QoL, and excess utilization of healthcare resources (Zahran et al., 2018). The development of asthma usually begins in childhood with increased sensitivity to inhaled allergens. Common allergen examples include dust mite, fungi, pollen, and cockroaches. During exposure, there is an immediate and delayed response.Module 2 Assignment: Case Study Analysis
The immediate early exposure involves bronchoconstriction within the initial thirty minutes after exposure and can last up to three hours of post-intervention. The delayed response often starts between four to eight hours post-exposure with increased responsiveness of the airways (Selman et al., 2019). In both responses, after the stimulation of inhaled allergens, there is a proliferation of type two T helper cells with subsequent production and release of interleukin IL-3, IL- 4, IL-5, IL- 6, IL- 9, IL-10, and IL-13, and Th2 cytokines. Antigen-processing dendritic cells take the allergens involved in sensitization and present it to T helper cells. These processes activate allergen-specific Th-2 cells that influence the development and progression of asthma.
Racial/ Ethnic Variables That May Influence Physiological Functioning
The highest asthma-related mortality rates are among adult African American females aged 65 years or older. The primary predictors and contributors to acute asthma exacerbations in most populations are race, socio-economic status, geography, and access to preventive care. For instance, in New York, children who dwell in neighborhoods with a low income have a high likelihood to be admitted for asthma and asthma-related incidences as compared to their counterparts living in affluent regions (Assari & Moghani, 2018). Similarly, ethnicity influences the development of asthma such that, its severity is higher in people with an African American and Puerto Rican descent. It is for this reason that African Americans account for most asthma-related admissions, ED visits, and mortalities in comparison to their white counterparts. Similarly, based on the statistics provided by the (CDC, 2016), Black adults and their children are twice likely to be diagnosed with asthma than whites.
Lack of income or health insurance negatively impacts the management of asthma by placing barriers to prompt diagnosis and management. The current advances made in the stepwise management of asthma in the short term and long term can worsen these inequalities since only those with affordable income or insurance coverage can access healthcare services. Besides, even for those who can seek professional assistance, they are less likely to afford drugs prescribed for management (CDC, 2016). For early intervention, patients should avoid allergens that influence hypersensitivity reactions such as pollutants from industries and dust mites. Initial management with corticosteroids and short-acting bronchodilators is also necessary to prevent exacerbations.
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How Processes Interact To Affect the Patient
Gould (2018) highlights exercise-induced asthma is a common presentation for many pediatric patients and is an indicator of poor disease control associated with a poor QoL due to poor symptom control. During physical activity, the child inhaled and exhaled cold and dry air. According to Selman et al. (2019), the airway muscles become more sensitive to the changes in humidity and temperature thus contract causing the airways to narrow.Module 2 Assignment: Case Study Analysis
References
Assari, S., & Moghani Lankarani, M. (2018, June). Poverty status and childhood asthma in white and black families: National Survey of Children’s Health. In Healthcare (Vol. 6, No. 2, p. 62). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute.
Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2016). Asthma’s Impact on the Nation; Data from the CDC National Asthma Control Program. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/asthma/impacts-nation/asthmafactsheet.pdf
Gould, C. F., Perzanowski, M. S., Evans, D., & Bruzzese, J. M. (2018). Association of exercise-induced wheeze and other asthma symptoms with emergency department visits and hospitalizations in a large cohort of urban adolescents. Respiratory medicine,&nbs
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