An undescended testicle, or cryptorchidism, is a condition where one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum during fetal development. This condition increases the risk of developing testicular cancer, as the undescended testicle(s) may be more prone to malignant transformation (Evie et al. 33). In fact, men with a history of cryptorchidism are three to four times more likely to develop testicular cancer than men without this condition. In the case of the 21-year-old male, he had a history of delayed descent of his right testicle until the age of 1-year-old. This suggests that he had cryptorchidism in the past, which increases his risk of developing testicular cancer. Moreover, his presenting symptoms and diagnostic workup were consistent with testicular cancer, specifically embryonal cell carcinoma, a germ cell tumour commonly associated with undescended testicles. It is important to note that not all cases of cryptorchidism result in testicular cancer, and not all testicular cancers are associated with cryptorchidism. However, the presence of undescended testicles is considered a risk factor for this type of cancer, and it is recommended that men with a history of cryptorchidism undergo regular testicular examinations and consider early intervention if testicular cancer is suspected (Wade et al. 785). The presence of an undescended testicle in this young man increased his risk of developing testicular cancer, which was subsequently diagnosed and treated through orchiectomy and chemotherapy. Regular surveillance and prompt medical attention may have prevented the development of metastatic disease and improved his long-term prognosis.
Cytotoxic chemotherapy is a treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells. While it can effectively treat cancer, it can also have several side effects. These side effects occur because chemotherapy targets rapidly dividing cells, including cancer and some healthy cells. One of the most common side effects of chemotherapy is hair loss (Rinky et al. 4). This occurs because hair follicle cells divide rapidly and are therefore targeted by chemotherapy drugs. Other rapidly dividing cells, such as those in the digestive tract, can also be affected, leading to nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and mouth sores. Cytotoxic chemotherapy can also weaken the immune system, making it harder for the body to fight infections (Volker 412). This can increase the risk of infections, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infections. Additionally, chemotherapy can affect the production of blood cells in the bone marrow, leading to anemia, fatigue, and an increased risk of bleeding and bruising (Sangavi 3). Finally, chemotherapy can also have long-term effects on the body, such as an increased risk of developing second cancer later in life. It is essential for patients undergoing chemotherapy to be monitored closely by their healthcare providers and to report any side effects they experience so that they can be managed appropriately.
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