Discuss any comorbidities Mrs. R. displays.

Discuss any comorbidities Mrs. R. displays.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is

particularly significant as it directly impacts her respiratory

system's functionality, causing reduced airflow and oxygen

exchange. This disease can stress her heart, especially the

right ventricle, as it works harder to pump blood through

lungs damaged by COPD. The chronic inflammation and lung

damage associated with COPD also contribute to systemic

effects that can negatively impact cardiovascular health. Her

long-standing smoking habit significantly compounds her risk

for both COPD and cardiovascular diseases, as the chemicals

in tobacco smoke contribute to systemic inflammation,

arterial damage, and an increase in blood pressure, all of

which are detrimental to her heart health