Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas are destroyed, preventing the body from forming a hormone called insulin. Although it has long been known that patients with this type of diabetes require insulin replacement in the early stages, it is worth noting how challenging it is to manage blood glucose levels to prevent diabetic complications. This is partly because insulin is a hormone and it is very difficult to regulate its own secretion. In non-diabetic people, blood sugar is strictly regulated within a narrow range of about 70-140 mg/dL by insulin secretions, mostly immediately after eating. However, due to the absence of insulin secretion in patients with type 1 diabetes, it is very challenging to regulate blood sugar through diet and insulin injection alone. Therefore, it is necessary to measure blood glucose levels and self-administer and inject insulin, and under these management methods, continuous and accurate blood sugar sampling is the basis of appropriate insulin dosing. Over the years, there has been an upsurge in the advancement of new technologies, and one of the most important devices is that of the Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) system. CGM is registered as a major technological innovation in the management of type 1 diabetes. By introducing this device, it has become possible to monitor blood glucose values continuously over 24 hours, 7 days a week. CGMs primarily consist of three components: the sensor, the ship, and the receiver. The sensor consists of a small wire inserted into the patient's body that is part of a small incision that is removed up to a few millimeters from the blood glucose level, and it tends to receive an accurate signal to the monitor. The display shows real-time blood glucose trends and can determine the actual blood sugar situation. Logger values can be displayed on a range of systems, keeping the patient's phone and hand for several reasons. The information is transmitted from the sensor to the transmitter, and from there to the monitor and data logger to which the mobile phone application is linked, using Bluetooth communication. Some sensors have a transmit range of at least 10 meters from the monitor. Optimally, the reader can be placed at a maximum range of about 20 meters from the sensor in patients.
2.1. Etiology and Pathophysiology
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a treatable, non-preventable chronic medical condition in which the insulin-producing beta cells are destroyed, halting insulin production in the pancreas. This situation results in excess glucose in the blood, thus leading to hyperglycemia. Excess glucose is a risk factor for the development of long-term, life-threatening micro- and macro-vascular complications. T1D is a multifactorial condition, which involves polymorphisms in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region of the genome, and is a result of complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. The average worldwide prevalence of T1D is 10 to 20 cases per 100,000 individuals. The disease typically develops in younger individuals, usually before the age of 20 years. This is why it was previously called "juvenile onset diabetes." However, in recent decades, this condition has been recognized in adults and among those who have reached almost 30 years. There are few differences in clinical presentation, requirement for therapy, and risk for complications between adults and children with T1D. T1D is characterized by the development of symptoms and signs that are mainly secondary to acute renal, ocular, cardiovascular, and neurological dysfunction, which are correlated with hyperglycemia and degeneration of muscle and fat tissue. Despite the correlation found with the last 20 years of several positive aspects such as reducing the frequency of hyperglycemic crisis, more advanced sensor therapy, insertion of protection with automatic suspension of the insulin pump, reduction of HbA1c values in the world, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) still have important acute complications, especially hypoglycemia, and the emergence in recent data shows an increase of diseases with possible sequelae, such as cognitive impairment after the second episode of severe hypoglycemia. Proper management of T1D requires complex collaboration between the patient, family, and a multidisciplinary health team. This may be challenging in low-resource settings and in developing countries where meeting the educational, medical, and psychological needs of patients are difficult. High doses of insulin required either from day 1 or soon after T1D diagnosis, combined with unpredictable changes in insulin requirement levels, make living with T1D a complex and difficult endocrine condition. In parallel, changes in eating behavior are essential and it can be challenging to maintain a sense of quality of life because r
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