How were the participants recruited or selected for the study? What sampling strategy was used? Did the author(s) offer any justification for the sample size? Are you satisfied with the information reported about the sample? What questions might you have about the sample that were not addressed? Please be sure to provide an explanation for all of your answers.

How were the participants recruited or selected for the study? What sampling strategy was used? Did the author(s) offer any justification for the sample size? Are you satisfied with the information reported about the sample? What questions might you have about the sample that were not addressed? Please be sure to provide an explanation for all of your answers.

At the same time, the authors selected the 510 participants based on the age bracket of 60 and
beyond, having lived in Portugal for the past 12 months in households and having reported abuse
perpetrated by someone close to them. Also, the information provided in the sample size is
adequate. However, the sample size may have focused on a specific age range, say 60-65 or 75 to
80.
Are the participants' demographics (e.g., background characteristics such as age, race, etc.)
described in sufficient detail? If so, how is the presentation of this descriptive data helpful
in evaluating the research? If not, please explain how that may affect the evaluation of the
study.
Presentation of the descriptive data helps to evaluate the research. It captures vital elements such
as socio-demographic and social support concerns, functional and health status, Abuse measures,
emotions which are crucial indicators of elderly abuse (Roberto, 2016).
Was the sample reflective of the population from which it was drawn? Is
representativeness important in this research? Please explain.
Yes, the sample of 510 participants aged over 60 years and beyond. Representativeness is vital in
this research (Santos et al., 2019).The institutions were diverse in their composition, consisting
of non-governmental organizations with 53 participants, welfare state organizations with 72
participants, a police force with 133, and the National Legal medicine institute with 252. The
diversity of participants from four institutions makes the data representative (Dong et al., 2013).
Please explain any ethical concerns you may have about the sample and how the sample
was recruited.
Possible ethical concerns on the sample are informed with the challenges associated with access
to older adults through service provider institutions. As a result, the model may not be
representative of the general community-dwelling population. Also, the sample was recruited via
purposeful convenient sampling (Gil et al., 2016).