NURS 6521 Asthma and Stepwise Management

NURS 6521 Asthma and Stepwise Management

the Assignment: NURS 6521 Asthma and Stepwise Management

In asthma management there are several modes of treatment that can be used that can be classified into short-term and long-term treatment options. The major forms of treatment for this condition involve drugs such as bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs.

ØBronchodilators consist of drugs such as muscarinic antagonists, leukotriene receptor blockers, beta 2     selective antagonists, anticholinergics and xanthine derivatives while anti-inflammatory drugs consist of mast cell stabilizers and corticosteroids.

 From the mentioned management options there are long term drugs and they consist of methylxanthines, leukotriene receptor antagonists, long-acting beta-2 agonists (LABAs), cromolyn and inhaled corticosteroids

1.Methylxanthines mode of action occurs by inhibiting non-competitively the enzyme  phosphodiesterase and it the most commonly known drug of this group is theophylline.

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₋It brings about a therapeutic effect through the treatment and prevention of  chest tightness, dyspnea and wheezing due to asthma.  However, there are associated side effects  such as severe dysrhythmias and also contraindications to be considered with this drugs such as in patients with heart and liver conditions.

2.Leukotriene receptor antagonists consist of drugs such as montelukast whereby its mode of action involves   preventing leukotriene from being released by eosinophils and mast cells

₋These drugs’ therapeutic effect is by ensuring open airways through preventing bronchoconstriction and mucus secretion. However, there are side effects with these drugs such as sore throat, fever and headache as well as contraindications such as in patients with hepatic impairment and hypersensitivity to these drugs.

(Rosenthal & Burchum, 2021).

Introduction

Asthma is a chronic, inflammatory disease which affects the airways. It is associated with various symptoms such as wheezing, difficulty in breathing, chest pain, and cyanosis in severe cases. It is very prevalent in America where 22 million people are affected. The situation raises hospitalization levels to more than 497,000 annually (Kirenga et al., 2018). With such a high number, the country is significantly affected both economically and socially. Many children missed school days due to asthma and some caregivers are also forced to leave work to take care of their sick children. As productivity of the country lowers, a lot of money is used in managing the disease (Rothe et al., 2018). However, treatment options have been improved to address the situation.

Treatment Options

Both quick-relief and long control medicines are used in treating asthma. Long-term control medicines (also called controller medicines or maintenance medicines). Long-acting beta-adrenergic (LABA) is one of the quick relief medication used. The LABAs help in providing long-term control of symptoms (Kirenga et al., 2018). Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are commonly used as anti-inflammatory drugs because they reduce inflammation caused by a vast diversity of inflammatory mediators (Yawn & Han, 2017). Rothe et al. (2018) highlight omalizumab (Xolair) as the most common Immuno-modulators used to prevent the binding of IgE to its receptor and in turn, inhibit IgE-mediated asthma from cascading before it begins.

Long-term control drugs

•There are several stated models of treatment of asthma. However, the major ones include bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs. Bronchodilators include: beta 2 selective agonists, muscarinic antagonists, xanthine derivatives, leukotriene receptor blockers and anticholinergics. Anti- inflammatory drugs include: corticosteroids and mast cell stabilizers.

•These Long-term control drugs : Long acting beta-2 agonists (LABA), Methylxanthines, Inhaled corticosteroids, Leukotriene receptor antagonists and Cromolyn.

1.  Long- acting beta-2 agonists (LABA) mode of action is by activating the pre-junctional β2-adrenoceptors and reduce acetylcholine release thereby prevent any   functional competition by acetylcholine .