NURS 6521 week 5 Discussion: Diabetes and Drug Treatments Diabetes and Drug Treatments

NURS 6521 week 5 Discussion: Diabetes and Drug Treatments Diabetes and Drug Treatments

Short-Term and Long-Term Impact of Type 2 Diabetes and Effects of Drug Treatment

            Short-term impact of T2DM are : a) hypoglycemia in individuals taking secretagogues such as sulfonylurea agents or exogenous insulin that requires immediate glucose replacement by mouth or intravenously; b) hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNKS), is less common but can result in high mortality rate particularly in the elderly who have comorbidities such as infections, cardiovascular, or renal disease which is characterized by very high blood sugar level resulting in severe dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and neurologic impairment (Huether & McCance, 2017).

The long-term impact of T2DM are categorized into: a) microvascular complications which are damages to small blood vessels leading to renal failure, retinopathy leading to blindness, and neuropathy leading to impotence and foot disorders; and b) macrovascular complications are damage to larger blood vessels leading to cardiovascular diseases (Blair, 2016).

Monitoring recommendation for Metformin use are : a) Vitamin B12 levels  every two to three years especially in individuals with peripheral neuropathy or anemia because long-term Metformin use can result in Vitamin B12 deficiency; b) initial and yearly hematologic and renal function studies; and c) Bi-annual urine glucose, fasting blood sugar, and hemoglobin A1C in patients with stable glucose control and every four months for individuals not meeting glycemic control (UpToDate, n.d.).

References

Antonioli, L., Blandizzi, C., Csoka, B., Pacher, P., & Hasko, G. (2015). Adenosine signaling in diabetes mellitus—Pathophysiology and therapeutic considerations. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 11(4), 228-. Gale OneFile: Science.

Blair, M. (2016). Diabetes mellitus review. Urologic Nursing, 1, 27. https://doi.org/10.7257/1053-816X.2016.36.1.27

Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2017). Understanding pathophysiology (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby

Levitsky, L.L., & Misra, M. (2019, June 27). Epidemiology, presentation, and diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. In A.G. Hoppin (Ed.), UpToDate. Retrieved March 25, 2020, from https://www.uptodate.co