Part 2: Based upon the Part 1 activities, write a 250-500 word interpretation that addresses the following. Discuss the sampling strategy used in this study and if it resulted in a representative sample. Discuss what you are able to ascertain about the sample from the descriptive statistics. Explain what other variables the research team could have included to gain a better understanding of the population. General Requirements

Part 2: Based upon the Part 1 activities, write a 250-500 word interpretation that addresses the following. Discuss the sampling strategy used in this study and if it resulted in a representative sample. Discuss what you are able to ascertain about the sample from the descriptive statistics. Explain what other variables the research team could have included to gain a better understanding of the population. General Requirements

Part 2.

The analysis reveals that the participants had a mean age of 39.93 years and mean annual income of $34,766.67. A review of the collected data for age and annual income reveals that there is a 95% probability of the mean age of the population being between 35.49 years and 44.38 years. In addition, there is a 95% probability of the mean annual income of the population being between $26,224.82 and $43,308.52 (see Tables 1 & 2).

Although the sampling strategy has not been described, it resulted in a representative sample as indicated by the participants’ spread across the different demographic groups. All the age groups are well represented as shown in the bell-shaped chart for the histogram (see Figures 1 & 3). Still, the study would have recruited a better distribution of annual income as most of the participants earned less than the mean annual income (see Table 2 and Figures 2 & 4).  Further review of the smoking status reveals that 40% of the population are smokers while 60% are non-smokers (see Tables 3 & 7). A review of the education level reveals equal spread across the three education levels with 33.3% of the population having less than high school education, 33.3% having graduated from high school, and 33.3% graduated from college (see Tables 4 & 8). A review of the employment status reveals that 56.7% of the population is employed while 43.3% is unemployed (see Tables 6 & 10). In this respect, the demographic characteristics of the sample show that it is representative of the population with the different population characteristics well represented.

Other than the presented variables, the research team could have gained a better understanding of the population by collecting data on ethnicity and marital status as they have implications for health behavior. Ethnicity has implications for health behavior through genetics and cultural influences. Li et al. (2016) expounds on the influences of ethnicity by explaining that there is a need to develop culturally appropriate and evidence-based interventions to enhance healthy behavior among members of any population. Pandey et al. (2019) explains that marital status is both a cause and consequence of health behaviors through influencing economic well-being, and physical and mental health. In this respect, including ethnicity and marital status could help in gaining a better understanding of the general health behaviors of the population as well as relationships between health determinants. Practicing Application of Descriptive Statistics in Excel and SPSS.

Based on a normal distribution curve, calculate the probability of an individual being 60 years or older in this population.

The distribution of ages of the participants range from 18 years to 61 years. These ages are approximately normally distributed with a mean age of 39.93 years and a standard deviation of 11.9. The probability of a member of the population being 60 years of age or older is calculated as:

= NORM.DIST(60, 39.93, 11.9, TRUE) =  0.9542

Therefore, the probability of a member of the population being 60 years of age or older is:

= 1 – 0.9542 = 0.0458 or approximately 4.58%.

Using the sample standard deviation of age as an estimate of the population standard deviation, calculate by hand the standard error of the mean. Show your calculations and the answer.

Standard error = standard deviation / (√sample size) = 11.9 / √30 = 2.1726

Standard error = 2.17

The hand calculated figure for standard error of age matches the figures presented in the Excel output of the descriptive statistics for age (see Table 2).

Calculate by hand a 95% confidence interval for \”Age\” based on the sample mean. Use SPSS to verify your answer. Include your calculations and screenshots of the SPSS output.

The sample has a mean age of 39.93 and standard error of 2.17. 95% confidence interval encompasses 95% of the area of the normal distribution, which is 1.96 standard deviations of the mean (z value). The confidence interval values are calculated as: Practicing Application of Descriptive Statistics in Excel and SPSS

Margin of error = z value * standard error = 1.96 * 2.17 = 4.25

Lower limit = 39.93 – 4.25 = 39.93 – 4.25 = 35.68

Upper limit = 39.93 + 4.25 = 39.93 + 4.25 = 44.18

95% CI (35.68, 44.18)

Interpret the confidence interval for age and explain the three pieces of information needed to calculate a confidence interval.

The hand calculated value is 95% CI (35.68, 44.18) while the value from the SPSS ou