Postoperative Pain Concept Analysis Paper Management of postoperative pain using multimodal pain modalities in adult orthopedic patients

Postoperative Pain Concept Analysis Paper Management of postoperative pain using multimodal pain modalities in adult orthopedic patients

Postoperative Pain Concept Analysis Paper Management of postoperative pain using multimodal pain modalities in adult orthopedic patients involves the combination of analgesics to treat pain at several pain receptors that decreases postoperative pain and reduces adverse effects.“Acquired Pharmaco-dynamic Opioid Tolerance: A Concept Analysis” examines theimpact of chronic opioid administration (Middleton & Harden, 2014). This concept analysis evaluates the attributes associated with acquired pharmaco-dynamic opioid tolerance (AP-DOT). Middleton and Harden (2014) determined that a tolerance is formed from continued administration of opioid medications. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how a concept analysis regarding opioid tolerance influences the management of postoperative pain in adult orthopedic patients. Selection of the Concept Analysis “Acquired Pharmaco-dynamic Opioid Tolerance: A Concept Analysis”examines the concept of opioid tolerance (Middleton & Harden, 2014). As a result of chronic opioid administration, patients experience overall decreased analgesia and require a higher opioid dose. Increased dosing leads to an increase in overall drug costs as well as continues the requirement for a higher dose. The requirement for increased dosage also places patients at an increased risk of adverse reactions such as respiratory depression, drowsiness, vertigo, altered mental status, nausea, vomiting, and constipation. Based on the study of opioid administration and its adverse effects, this concept analysis was selected to gain further insight on how the continued use of opioids affects adults. An estimated 37% of adults in the United States experience chronic pain (Mahathanaruk, Hitt, & LeonCasasola, 2014). A portion of adults who undergo orthopedic surgery will have had prior chronic pain and opioid medication therapy