tests had decreased, his intelligence quoent had remained fairly high aer the onset of his disorder(Scoville and Miller, 1957). This shows how a substanal amount of educaon can help alleviate some of the symptoms of mental illness to a point where an individual can sll funcon in certain situaons. A possible explanaon for this could be that be(er educated individuals may have more access to informaon on illness and more knowledge on e%ecve ways of improving and maintaining good health. Other socioeconomic factors such as income and occupaon can in?uence health in a number of ways: through the income of individuals, the gross naonal product (GNP) of countries, and income inequalies among naons and geographic areas (Marmot, 2002). Lynch et al (1998) found a negave correlaon between mortality rates and income, whereby an increase in mortality rate is related to a decrease in income. Alaimo et al (2001) found that children from low income families were more likely to experience more frequent stomach-aches and headaches. Marmot et al (2010) also found how people living in the richest post codes of England will, on average, live seven years longer than people living in the poorest areas. In addion, Pinderhughes et al (2001) found that parents living in deprived areas were more likely to report parenng stress than those in least deprived areas. Other researchers also suggest that a substanal reducon in infant mortality rate may be possible by decreasing income inequality (Hales et al. 1999). Psychosocial Factors Essay Similarly, Victoria et al (2003) found that countries with the poorest households had the highest child mortality rates. In relaon to occupaon, Marmot et al (1984) conducted a longitudinal study on Brish civil servantsbased on their health. Twenty 1ve years later, they found that those in higher job roles, such as oGce-based employment, had lower mortality rates from diseases such as coronary heart disease. In addion, research has shown that for all major causes such as digesve, heart and respiratory diseases, and death rates for men aged 25 to 64 are much higher among those from manual backgrounds than those from non-manual backgrounds (Kunst et al. 1998). Similarly, other socioeconomic factors such as unemployment and job insecurity could also put an individual’s health at risk. Rodriguez (1997) found that unemployed persons or people not receiving unemployment bene1ts were at greater risk of reporng depression. However, other researchers have found unemployment to have more of an impact on the mental health of men compared to women (Artazcoz et al. 2004). This may be due to gender di%erences in family responsibilies between men and women, especially those from working class backgrounds where the male is oen portrayed as the male-breadwinner and the female as the child-bearer. Job insecurity may lead to stress as the individual would ruminate and worry about their powerless posion and possible job loss (Burgand et al. 2009). This could be even more detrimental than actual job loss because it is not socially visible or easy to employ coping strategies due to the ambiguity of employment. In the short term, job insecurity could a%ect people emoonally (feeling anxious and dissas1ed), physiologically(elevated heart rate), and behaviourally (being absent and showing lack of concentraon) and this could eventually manifest into long term adverse consequences for the mental and physical health of an individual (Sverke et al. 2002). Moreover, social exclusion and absolute poverty can have detrimental e%ects on health. Social exclusion can come in the form of unemployment, discriminaon and sgmazaon. Being treated less than an equal can lead to poor mental health and prevent people from parcipang in educaon and gaining access to cizenship acvies (Morgan et al. 2007). Gee et al (2006) found that African descendants reported poorer mental health on the mental component summary due to racial discriminaon. Absolute poverty is de1ned as a lack of the basic material necessies of life andis one of the strongest predictors for premature death, whereas, relave poverty refers to the populaon that live on less than 60% of the naonal median income (Foster, 1998) Psychosocial Factors Essay
Our bodies, families, communities and lives are embedded in a complex network of systems. The degree of support in the environment can shape a person’s resilience. Likewise, an environment that is stressful can foster disease. The conditions of a person’s social and psychological environment—those in which they are born, grow, live, work and age—are known as the social determinants of health. These conditions are shaped by the distribution of money, power and resources at global, national and local levels. Psychosocial Factors Essay
Risks for Stress: Riskscapes
A riskscape, or landscape of risks, captures the overlapping threats to h
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