The most common types of cyberbullying include harassment, exclusion, outing, impersonation, cyberstalking, and denigration (Hunter, 2012).
Harassment involves the sending of offensive, threatening, or malicious messages to a person or a group (Hunter, 2012). It has serious implications on the victim’s well-being because in many cases, it is very difficult to identify the perpetrator. Technology offers several tools that bullies use to hide their identities and locations. The messages sent usually cause fear because of the threats they contain that affect the victim’s confidence (Brown, 2013). The constant sending of messages implies that the bully is unkind and therefore, committed to instilling fear and causing pain to the victim.
The outing is the deliberate act of publicly embarrassing someone by posting private information about someone or a group (Hunter, 2012). Bullies send private or sensitive information about a person without their consent to embarrass or hurt them. Outing can happen in various ways and it can be serious or negligible. It is unethical to share someone’s private information with others without their consent.
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Exclusion refers to the act of intentionally laving a person out of a group or online discussion or chat (Brown, 2013). In most cases, the person that is singled out is the victim of bullying. Other members send embarrassing and nasty comments about them to hurt them.
Impersonation refers to the act of pretending to be someone else by creating a fake profile (Menesini & Spiel, 2013). Bullies use fake profiles to hurt other people by posting mean or false information posing as other people.
This refers to the posting of online messages through communication tools with the intent of making fun of someone (Brown, 2013). Commonly used tools include email, instant messaging, social media websites, and online forums.
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