Week 8: Study Guide Student Name College of Nursing-PMHNP, Walden University NRNP 6665: PMHNP Care Across the Lifespan I

Week 8: Study Guide Student Name College of Nursing-PMHNP, Walden University NRNP 6665: PMHNP Care Across the Lifespan I

Autism Spectrum Disorder Study Guide Introduction  Differentiations in brain development are thought to be the root cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (Christensen & Zubler, 2020).  It is characterized by difficulties in socialization, communication and interaction and limited or repetitive activities or interests (Christensen & Zubler, 2020).  It is possible for people with ASD to learn, move, or pay attention in unique ways. (DFTB, 2018) 3 Signs and Symptoms According to the DSM-5-TR (McKernan et al., 2017) Incidence Autism Prevalence per Sex (CDC) (Watkins & Angus-Leppan, 2022). Sex Prevalence Percentage Boys 36.5 per 1,000 3.7% Girls 8.8 per 1,000 0.9% Autism Prevalence per Ethnicity (CDC) Social communication and social interaction Lack of facial expressions like happy, sad, surprised, angry, etc. Does not play simple games that are interactive Absence of gestures by 12 months of age Lack of interest in others by 15 months of age. Restricted or Repetitive Behaviors or Interests Obsessive and compulsive movements. Interests that are obsessive Has to follow specific routines. Flaps hands, rocks body, or spins self in circles. Portrays unusual reactions to how things sound, smell, taste, look or feel. Abnormal reactions to the way things look or feel. Other Characteristics Inability to express oneself verbally, move quickly, or learn new things quickly; hyperactivity, impulsivity, or inattention; epilepsy or seizure disorders; Unusual eating or sleeping habits Gut complications Emotional responses that are out of the ordinary Chronic and persistent anxiety 4 Race Prevalence Percentage White 21.2 per 1,000 2.1% Black 22.3 per 1,000 2.2% Asian 22.2 per 1,000 2.2% Hispanic 22.5 per 1,000 2.3% Differential diagnoses (Heyman et al., 2021) Development and Course (“Editorial Board,” 2022) Differential diagnoses within Pervasive developmental disorders Childhood Autism. Asperger’s syndrome Childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD) Rett syndrome Differential diagnoses with other psychiatric disorder Social (pragmatic) communication disorder Language Disorders Sensory Deficits Selective mutism. Intellectual Disability (ID) Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Landau–Kleffner Syndrome. Emotional neglect or psychosocial deprivation Reactive attachment disorder (RAD) 5 Considerations related to culture, gender, and age (Logan et al., 2022)  Individuals with autism may be affected differently by cultural differences in their day-today interactions with family, friends, coworkers, schools, and health care providers (Logan et al., 2022).  The prevalence varies widely relative to a person's cultural background (Logan et al., 2022).  Autism and other impairments are stigmatized in society, which might discourage individuals from seeking treatment (Logan et al., 2022).  There are wide disparities in prevalence regarding cultural norms, such as origin country and length of time spent in the United States (Logan et al., 2022